In this study, we tried to understand the nuances of discussion about the age and role of Kitoi culture in the Cis-Baikal Neolithic. The main source for studying this culture was the burial complexes concentrated in the mouths of the Irkut, Kitoi and Belaya rivers (large tributaries of the Upper Angara). We considered the “Kitoi problem” with the greatest possible objectivity through the prism of two main views of A. P. Okladnikov and M. M. Gerasimov. Their chronological schemes differed sharply; at the same time, they were based on a misconception about the consistent development of a single Neolithic community for several millennia. At the end of the 19^th – beginning of the 20^th centuries, Irkutsk archaeologists believed that the Kitoi burials are associated with the Late Neolithic. A. P. Okladnikov created the first cultural and chronological concept for Neolithic of the Cis-Baikal, based on the materials of burial grounds, where the Kitoi burials belonged to the Late Neolithic (the boundary of the 3^rd and 2^nd millennia BC). M. M. Gerasimov did not agree with this opinion and dated them to the Early Neolithic. In the 1960–1970s, the first change of the A. P. Okladnikov scheme took place. His students (L. P. Khlobystin, G. M. Georgievskaya and A. K. Konopatskii) proposed to determine the age of Kitoi culture in a wide chronological framework from the end of the 5^th to the beginning of the 2^nd millennium BC. For the first time, convincingly substantiating its age and proving the correctness of M. M. Gerasimov was possible only in the mid-1980^s, when N. N. Mamonova and L. D. Sulerzhitskii received a large series of radiocarbon dates, which confirmed the correctness of M. M. Gerasimov and allowed to date the Kitoi culture to the Early Neolithic. This event can be called the first Siberian “radiocarbon revolution”, which radically changed the prevailing ideas about the development of the Cis-Baikal Neolithic. 20 years later, in progress of the “Baikal archaeological project” (BAP) headed by A. W. Weber, the first AMS dating of Kitoi burials was carried out, which, in turn, fully confirmed the data of the 1980s. A few years ago, BAP members, when dating the burials, revealed a freshwater reservoir effect. This made it possible to correct the radiocarbon data and determine the age of the Early Neolithic burials in Cis-Baikal (including the Kitoi) group, in the range of ~7500–7000 cal BP. But the study by N. N. Mamonova and L. D. Sulerzhitskii still played a crucial in the revision of A. P. Okladnikov scheme.

Berdnikov Ivan Mikhailovich, Candidate of Sciences (History), Senior Researcher, Scientific Research Center “Baikal region”, Irkutsk State University; 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russia, e-mail: yan-maiski@yandex.ru

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