The material of this publication analyzes at least the process of four hundred years history of the development of the Baikal by ancient and modern human. Considerable space is devoted the description of the settlement place of the main ethnic groups, the traditional methods of management and prospects of development of the Baikal ecosystem in the last decades of the past and the beginning of the century. It is found that at the beginning of XVII in the Baikal region and in the ecosystem of the Baikal it was formed a gentle treatment of complex economic development of the natural biological resources. This mode of management within the ecosystem of The Baikal and the adjoining areas of taiga and forest provide a regular, natural reproduction of seized biological resources. Mode of nature for all categories of hunters and anglers, early farmers and herdsmen was limited by natural laws – imminent starvation in the event of excessive industrialization of habitat. Unfolded in recent decades XX – beginning of XXI centuries social movement for the preservation of the unique natural world heritage site – Lake Baikal – seems an urgent task as difficult to solve and requires the development of a set of evidence-based measures which not excluded, but at least reduce the effects of anthropogenic disturbances of the Baikal ecosystem.