This article presents the results of palynological analysis and radiocarbon dating of a peat cross-section from the Kuchelga valley. On the basis of these results, a reconstruction of vegetation and climate in the Priol’khon region from the second half of the middle Holocene to the present was undertaken. Relatively high chronological resolution, absolute dates, and a quantitative reconstruction of dominant plant communities undertaken here can significantly improve current understandings of the Priol’khon region’s understudied environmental dynamics. An attempt to clarify the relationship between available archaeological data and the stages of vegetation shifts demonstrates that in the second half of the Holocene, human influence on the region’s landscapes was limited and relatively localized. Comparison of the period of the vegetation and climate transformations in the Priol’khon region with environmental dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere shows that vegetation changes in the Priol’khon region during the second half of the Holocene likely related to broader global circulation processes.