«BULLETIN OF THE IRKUTSK STATE UNIVERSITY. GEOARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY, AND ANTHROPOLOGY SERIES»
ISSN 2227-2380 (Print)

List of issues > «Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series». 2016. Vol. 15

The Role of Copper Deposits and Copper Occurrences in the Formation of Beregovskii Archaeological Microdistrict of the Bronze Age (Bashkirian Urals)

Full text (russian)

Author(s)
E. V. Ruslanov
Abstract

In the study of archeological districts of the Bronze Age it's often observed a certain regularity in the location of archaeological sites near the mines. The article presents the data on monuments, materials which illustrate the entire cycle of metallurgical activities from mining (extraction of ore), smelting of metal from ore to metal. This speaks in favor of the fact that smelting of ore is not done in the mines, and the settlements, which everywhere occur in stationary workshops. This article provides information on this site ore occurrences and points of mineralization of copper relevant to Kuyurgazy – Belorechensky area copper deposits. It shows features characteristic for metallurgy of the population of the neighborhood in Abashevo and Srubnaya culture. The data obtained by the lithologic-petrographic analysis of a series of working tools with Yumakovskoe II and III settlements. It was established that on the territory of Beregovo district the products associated with copper metallurgy were put in the form of finished products and brought by people who are familiar with metalworking and ore. The possible impulses associated with the circle of monuments of Sintashta, where the population could participate in the process of making tools in different stages of the metallurgical process. The work discusses the thesis about the relationship of a horse-metal, where the horse, and with it finds of curb bits can act as markers, the possible participation of the inhabitants of microdistrict in trading operations associated with the metal.

Keywords
Southern Urals, Bronze Age, archaeological microdistrict, metallurgy, copper, Abashevo culture, Srubnaya culture, Sintashta culture, cheekpieces, ore
UDC
902.2/903.05
References

Belova A. A., Ryazantsev A. V., Razumovskii A. A., Degtyarev K. E. Rannedevonskie nadsubduktsionnye ofiolity v strukture Yuzhnogo Urala [Early Devonian suprasubduction ophiolites in the structure of the Southern Urals]. Geotektonika [Geotectonics]. 2010, Vol. 4, pp. 39–64. (in Russ.)

Berezanskaya S. S. Severnaya Ukraina v epokhu bronzy [Northern Ukraine in the Bronze Age]. Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ., 1982, 209 p. (in Russ.)

Bochkarev V. S. Preemstvennost i innovatsii v razvitii drevnikh kultur [Succession and innovation in the development of ancient cultures]. Materialy metodologicheskogo seminara Leningradskogo otdeleniya Instituta arkheologii [Materials of the methodological seminar of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Archaeology]. Leningrad, 1981, pp. 22–27. (in Russ.)

Brovender Yu. M. Nakhodki detalei konskoi upryazhi v kontekste Donetskogo gorno-metallurgicheskogo tsentra epokhi pozdnei bronzy [Finds of parts of horse harness in the context of the Donetsk mining and metallurgical center of the epoch of the Late Bronze Age]. Materialy po arkheologii Vostochnoi Ukrainy [Materials on the Archeology of Eastern Ukraine]. Lugansk, 2006, pp. 224–234. (in Russ.)

Brovender Yu. M. Itogi raskopok tekhnogennogo uchastka na Kartamyshskom rudo-proyavlenii [The results of the excavations of man-caused plot on the Kartamyshsk ore field]. Kharkovskii istoriko-arkheologicheskii ezhegodnik [Kharkiv Historical and Archeological Annals]. Kharkov, NTMT Publ., 2008, pp. 184–203. (in Russ.)

Chechushkov I. V. Kolesnitsy Evraziiskikh stepei epokhi bronzy [The chariots of the Eurasian steppe of the Bronze Age]. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography]. 2011, Is. 2 (15), pp. 57–65. (in Russ.)

Chechushkov I. V. Kolesnichnyi kompleks epokhi pozdnei bronzy stepnoi i lesostepnoi Evrazii (ot Dnepra do Irtysha) [Chariot complex of Late Bronze Age of steppe and forest-steppe of Eurasia (from Dnieper river to the Irtysh river) Cand. of histor. sci. syn. diss.]. Moscow, 2013, 24 p. (in Russ.)

Chernykh E. N. Metallurgicheskie provintsii i periodizatsiya epokhi rannego metalla na territorii SSSR [Metallurgical province and periodization of early metal epoch on the USSR territory]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology]. 1978, Vol. 4, pp. 53–83. (in Russ)

Geologicheskaya karta Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Masshtab 1:1 000 000 (novaya seriya). List N-40 (41). Obyasnitelnaya zapiska [Geological map of the Russian Federation. Scale 1:1 000 000 (new series). Sheet N-40 (41). Explanatory Memorandum]. Ufa, Bashkirgeologiya Publ., 568 p. (in Russ.)

Gorbunov V. S. Abashevskaya kultura Yuzhnogo Priuraliya [Abashevo culture of the Southern Cis-Ural region]. Ufa, BSPU Publ., 1986, 95 p. (in Russ.)

Gorbunov V. S. Poselencheskie pamyatniki bronzovogo veka v lesostepnom Priuralie [Settlement sites of the Bronze Age in the forest-steppe Cis-Ural region]. Kuibyshev, KSPU Publ., 1989, 134 p. (in Russ.)

Gorbunov V. S. Bronzovyi vek Volgo-Uralskoi lesostepi [The Bronze Age of the Volga-Ural forest-steppe]. Ufa, BSPU Publ., 1992, 223 p. (in Russ.)

Gorbunov V. S., Obydennov M. F. Nakhodki kostyanykh psaliev epokhi bronzy v Bashkirii [Finds of the bone psalia of the Bronze Age in Bashkiria]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet Archaeology]. 1975, Vol. 2, pp. 254–257. (in Russ.)

Gorbunov Yu. V. Metalloproizvodstvo u plemen uralskoi abashevskoi kultury [Metal production at tribes of the Ural Abashevo culture]. Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury [Problems of History, Philology, Culture]. Moscow, Magnitogorsk, Novosibirsk, 2008, Is. 21, pp. 325–331. (in Russ.)

Gorbunov Yu. V. Metalloproizvodstvennaya deyatelnost plemen uralskoi abashevskoi kultury v Yuzhnom Priuralie [The production of metal from the tribes of the Ural of Abashevo culture in the Southern Cis-Ural region. Cand. of histor. sci. syn. diss.]. Kazan, 2008, 14 p. (in Russ.)

Grigoriev S. A. Metallurgicheskoe proizvodstvo v Severnoi Evrazii v epokhu bronzy [Metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age]. Chelyabinsk, Tsitsero Publ., 2013, 660 p. (in Russ.)

Grigoriev S. A. Formirovanie metallurgicheskogo proizvodstva v Volgo-Uralie v nachale pozdnego bronzovogo veka [The formation of metallurgical production in the Volga-Ural region at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age]. Protsess kulturogeneza nachalnoi pory pozdnego bronzovogo veka Volgo-Uralskogo regiona (Voprosy khronologii, periodizatsii, istoriografii) [The process of the Culture genesis to the initial time of the Late Bronze Age of the Volga-Ural region (Problems of Chronology, Periodization, Historiography)]. Samara, 2014, pp. 39–44. (in Russ.)

Obydennov M. F., Gorbunov V. S., Muravkina L. I., Obydennova G. T., Garustovich G. N. Tyubyak: poselenie bronzovogo veka na Yuzhnom Urale [Tyubyak: a Bronze Age settlement in the Southern Urals]. Ufa, BSPU Publ., 2001, 159 p. (in Russ.)

Podobed V. A., Usachuk A. N., Tsimidanov V. V. Psalii, «zabytye» v ostavlennom dome (po materialam poselenii Azii i Vostochnoi Evropy epokhi bronzy) [Psalia, forgotten in the abandoned house (on the materials of the settlements of Asia and Eastern Europe of the Bronze Age)]. Drevnosti Sibiri i Tsentralnoi Azii [Antiquities of Siberia and Central Asia]. Gorno-Altaisk, GASU Publ., 2010, Is. 3 (15), pp. 14-34. (in Russ.)

Pryakhin A. D. Poseleniya abashevskoi obshchnosti [Settlements of the Abashevo community]. Voronezh, VSU Publ., 1976, 171 p. (in Russ.)

Rakhimov I. R. Rudnye poleznye iskopaemye permskoi sistemy Priuralya Respubliki Bashkortostan [Ore minerals of the Permian system of the Cis-Ural region of the Republic of Bashkortostan]. Problemy geologii i osvoeniya nedr [Problems of Geology and Exploitation of Mineral Resources]. Tomsk, 2013, Vol. 1, pp. 216–218. (in Russ.)

Ruslanov E. V. Struktura stada domashnikh zhivotnykh u naseleniya lesostepnogo Priuralya v epokhu bronzy [The structure of the herd of domestic animal the population of forest-steppe of the Cis-Ural region in the Bronze Age]. Izvestiya Arkheologicheskoi laboratorii Bashkirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Archaeological Laboratory of Bashkir State University]. Ufa, BSU Publ., 2015, Vol. 1, pp. 16–27.

Ruslanov E. V., Obydennov M. F. Pamyatnik epokhi pozdnei bronzy «Ozerki-1, stoyanka» (predvaritelnye rezultaty mezhdistsiplinarnykh issledovanii) [The site of the Late Bronze Age “Ozerki-1, Site” (preliminary results of interdisciplinary studies)]. Vestnik Bashkirskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Bashkir University]. 2015, Vol. 20, Is. 1, pp. 321–324. (in Russ.)

Ruslanov E. V., Ruslanov V. V. Geologo-mineralogicheskaya kharakteristika rudy i orudii metalloobrabotki s poselenii epokhi bronzy Zapadnykh sklonov Yuzhnogo Urala [Geological-mineralogical characteristics of the ore and metal working tools from the Bronze Age settlements of the Western slopes of the Southern Urals]. Geologo-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Timano-Severouralskom regione [Geological-archaeological studies in the Timan Northern Ural region]. Syktyvkar, 2014, Vol. 17, pp. 152–156. (in Russ.)

Salnikov K. V. Istoriya drevnei metalloobrabotki na Yuzhnom Urale (metallurgiya abashevskikh plemen) [The history of ancient Metal working in the Southern Urals (metal industry of Abashevo tribes)]. Arkheologiya i etnografiya Bashkirii [Archaeology and Ethnography of Bashkiria]. Ufa, 1962, Vol. 1, pp. 62–75. (in Russ.)

Tamimdarova R. R. Predmety konskoi upryazhi poseleniya Tanalyk [Things of horse harness of the settlement Tanalyk]. XXXVII Uralo-Povolzhskaya arkheologicheskaya studencheskaya konferentsiya [XXXVII Ural-Volga Region Archeological Student Conference]. Chelyabinsk, 2005, p. 187. (in Russ.)

Tkachev V. V. Gornoe delo i metallurgiya medi v Uralsko-Mugodzharskom regione v pozdnem bronzovom veke [Mining and metallurgy of copper in the Ural-Mugodzhar region in the Late Bronze Age]. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN [Bulletin of Samara Scientific Center RAS]. 2010, Is. 2, Vol. 12 (34), pp. 268–271. (in Russ.)

Zaikov V. V., Yuminov A. M., Ankushev M. N., Tkachev V. V., Noskevich V. V., Epimakhov A. V. Gorno-metallurgicheskie tsentry v Zauralie i v Mugodzharakh [Mining and metallurgical centers in the Transural region and Mugodzhary]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Geoarkheologiya. Etnologiya. Antropologiya [Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Series Geoarhaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology]. 2013, Vol. 1, pp. 174–195. (in Russ.)